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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><head> <meta content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Type" /> <!-- XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX This file is generated from xml source: DO NOT EDIT XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX --> <title>Using RewriteMap - Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4</title> <link href="../style/css/manual.css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="Main stylesheet" /> <link href="../style/css/manual-loose-100pc.css" rel="alternate stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="No Sidebar - Default font size" /> <link href="../style/css/manual-print.css" rel="stylesheet" media="print" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../style/css/prettify.css" /> <script src="../style/scripts/prettify.min.js" type="text/javascript"> </script> <link href="../images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" /></head> <body id="manual-page"><div id="page-header"> <p class="menu"><a href="../mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="../mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="http://wiki.apache.org/httpd/FAQ">FAQ</a> | <a href="../glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="../sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p> <p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4</p> <img alt="" src="../images/feather.png" /></div> <div class="up"><a href="./"><img title="<-" alt="<-" src="../images/left.gif" /></a></div> <div id="path"> <a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> > <a href="../">Version 2.4</a> > <a href="./">Rewrite</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>Using RewriteMap</h1> <div class="toplang"> <p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/rewrite/rewritemap.html" title="English"> en </a> | <a href="../fr/rewrite/rewritemap.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Français"> fr </a></p> </div> <p>This document supplements the <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code> <a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">reference documentation</a>. It describes the use of the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritemap">RewriteMap</a></code> directive, and provides examples of each of the various <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritemap">RewriteMap</a></code> types.</p> <div class="warning">Note that many of these examples won't work unchanged in your particular server configuration, so it's important that you understand them, rather than merely cutting and pasting the examples into your configuration.</div> </div> <div id="quickview"><a href="https://www.apache.org/foundation/contributing.html" class="badge"><img src="https://www.apache.org/images/SupportApache-small.png" alt="Support Apache!" /></a><ul id="toc"><li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#int">int: Internal Function</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#txt">txt: Plain text maps</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#rnd">rnd: Randomized Plain Text</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#dbm">dbm: DBM Hash File</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#prg">prg: External Rewriting Program</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#dbd">dbd or fastdbd: SQL Query</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#summary">Summary</a></li> </ul><h3>See also</h3><ul class="seealso"><li><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">Module documentation</a></li><li><a href="intro.html">mod_rewrite introduction</a></li><li><a href="remapping.html">Redirection and remapping</a></li><li><a href="access.html">Controlling access</a></li><li><a href="vhosts.html">Virtual hosts</a></li><li><a href="proxy.html">Proxying</a></li><li><a href="advanced.html">Advanced techniques</a></li><li><a href="avoid.html">When not to use mod_rewrite</a></li><li><a href="#comments_section">Comments</a></li></ul></div> <div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> <div class="section"> <h2><a name="introduction" id="introduction">Introduction</a></h2> <p> The <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritemap">RewriteMap</a></code> directive defines an external function which can be called in the context of <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code> or <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritecond">RewriteCond</a></code> directives to perform rewriting that is too complicated, or too specialized to be performed just by regular expressions. The source of this lookup can be any of the types listed in the sections below, and enumerated in the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritemap">RewriteMap</a></code> reference documentation.</p> <p>The syntax of the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritemap">RewriteMap</a></code> directive is as follows:</p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteMap <em>MapName</em> <em>MapType</em>:<em>MapSource</em> </pre> <p>The <a id="mapfunc" name="mapfunc"><em>MapName</em></a> is an arbitrary name that you assign to the map, and which you will use in directives later on. Arguments are passed to the map via the following syntax:</p> <p class="indent"> <strong> <code>${</code> <em>MapName</em> <code>:</code> <em>LookupKey</em> <code>}</code> <br /> <code>${</code> <em>MapName</em> <code>:</code> <em>LookupKey</em> <code>|</code> <em>DefaultValue</em> <code>}</code> </strong> </p> <p>When such a construct occurs, the map <em>MapName</em> is consulted and the key <em>LookupKey</em> is looked-up. If the key is found, the map-function construct is substituted by <em>SubstValue</em>. If the key is not found then it is substituted by <em>DefaultValue</em> or by the empty string if no <em>DefaultValue</em> was specified.</p> <p>For example, you can define a <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritemap">RewriteMap</a></code> as:</p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteMap examplemap "txt:/path/to/file/map.txt"</pre> <p>You would then be able to use this map in a <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code> as follows:</p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteRule "^/ex/(.*)" "${examplemap:$1}"</pre> <p>A default value can be specified in the event that nothing is found in the map:</p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteRule "^/ex/(.*)" "${examplemap:$1|/not_found.html}"</pre> <div class="note"><h3>Per-directory and .htaccess context</h3> <p> The <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritemap">RewriteMap</a></code> directive may not be used in <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#directory"><Directory></a></code> sections or <code>.htaccess</code> files. You must declare the map in server or virtualhost context. You may use the map, once created, in your <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code> and <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritecond">RewriteCond</a></code> directives in those scopes. You just can't <strong>declare</strong> it in those scopes.</p> </div> <p>The sections that follow describe the various <em>MapType</em>s that may be used, and give examples of each.</p> </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> <div class="section"> <h2><a name="int" id="int">int: Internal Function</a></h2> <p>When a MapType of <code>int</code> is used, the MapSource is one of the available internal <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritemap">RewriteMap</a></code> functions. Module authors can provide additional internal functions by registering them with the <code>ap_register_rewrite_mapfunc</code> API. The functions that are provided by default are: </p> <ul> <li><strong>toupper</strong>:<br /> Converts the key to all upper case.</li> <li><strong>tolower</strong>:<br /> Converts the key to all lower case.</li> <li><strong>escape</strong>:<br /> Translates special characters in the key to hex-encodings.</li> <li><strong>unescape</strong>:<br /> Translates hex-encodings in the key back to special characters.</li> </ul> <p> To use one of these functions, create a <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritemap">RewriteMap</a></code> referencing the int function, and then use that in your <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code>: </p> <p> <strong>Redirect a URI to an all-lowercase version of itself</strong></p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteMap lc int:tolower RewriteRule "(.*)" "${lc:$1}" [R]</pre> <div class="note"> <p>Please note that the example offered here is for illustration purposes only, and is not a recommendation. If you want to make URLs case-insensitive, consider using <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_speling.html">mod_speling</a></code> instead. </p> </div> </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> <div class="section"> <h2><a name="txt" id="txt">txt: Plain text maps</a></h2> <p>When a MapType of <code>txt</code> is used, the MapSource is a filesystem path to a plain-text mapping file, containing one space-separated key/value pair per line. Optionally, a line may contain a comment, starting with a '#' character.</p> <p>A valid text rewrite map file will have the following syntax:</p> <div class="example"><p><code> # Comment line<br /> <strong><em>MatchingKey</em> <em>SubstValue</em></strong><br /> <strong><em>MatchingKey</em> <em>SubstValue</em></strong> # comment<br /> </code></p></div> <p>When the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritemap">RewriteMap</a></code> is invoked the argument is looked for in the first argument of a line, and, if found, the substitution value is returned.</p> <p>For example, we can use a mapfile to translate product names to product IDs for easier-to-remember URLs, using the following recipe:</p> <p><strong>Product to ID configuration</strong></p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteMap product2id "txt:/etc/apache2/productmap.txt" RewriteRule "^/product/(.*)" "/prods.php?id=${product2id:$1|NOTFOUND}" [PT]</pre> <p>We assume here that the <code>prods.php</code> script knows what to do when it received an argument of <code>id=NOTFOUND</code> when a product is not found in the lookup map.</p> <p>The file <code>/etc/apache2/productmap.txt</code> then contains the following:</p> <div class="example"><h3>Product to ID map</h3><p><code> ##<br /> ## productmap.txt - Product to ID map file<br /> ##<br /> <br /> television 993<br /> stereo 198<br /> fishingrod 043<br /> basketball 418<br /> telephone 328 </code></p></div> <p>Thus, when <code>http://example.com/product/television</code> is requested, the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code> is applied, and the request is internally mapped to <code>/prods.php?id=993</code>.</p> <div class="note"><h3>Note: .htaccess files</h3> The example given is crafted to be used in server or virtualhost scope. If you're planning to use this in a <code>.htaccess</code> file, you'll need to remove the leading slash from the rewrite pattern in order for it to match anything: <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteRule "^product/(.*)" "/prods.php?id=${product2id:$1|NOTFOUND}" [PT]</pre> </div> <div class="note"><h3>Cached lookups</h3> <p> The looked-up keys are cached by httpd until the <code>mtime</code> (modified time) of the mapfile changes, or the httpd server is restarted. This ensures better performance on maps that are called by many requests. </p> </div> </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> <div class="section"> <h2><a name="rnd" id="rnd">rnd: Randomized Plain Text</a></h2> <p>When a MapType of <code>rnd</code> is used, the MapSource is a filesystem path to a plain-text mapping file, each line of which contains a key, and one or more values separated by <code>|</code>. One of these values will be chosen at random if the key is matched.</p> <p>For example, you can use the following map file and directives to provide a random load balancing between several back-end servers, via a reverse-proxy. Images are sent to one of the servers in the 'static' pool, while everything else is sent to one of the 'dynamic' pool.</p> <div class="example"><h3>Rewrite map file</h3><p><code> ##<br /> ## map.txt -- rewriting map<br /> ##<br /> <br /> static www1|www2|www3|www4<br /> dynamic www5|www6 </code></p></div> <p><strong>Configuration directives</strong></p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteMap servers "rnd:/path/to/file/map.txt" RewriteRule "^/(.*\.(png|gif|jpg))" "http://${servers:static}/$1" [NC,P,L] RewriteRule "^/(.*)" "http://${servers:dynamic}/$1" [P,L]</pre> <p>So, when an image is requested and the first of these rules is matched, <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritemap">RewriteMap</a></code> looks up the string <code>static</code> in the map file, which returns one of the specified hostnames at random, which is then used in the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code> target.</p> <p>If you wanted to have one of the servers more likely to be chosen (for example, if one of the server has more memory than the others, and so can handle more requests) simply list it more times in the map file.</p> <div class="example"><p><code> static www1|www1|www2|www3|www4 </code></p></div> </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> <div class="section"> <h2><a name="dbm" id="dbm">dbm: DBM Hash File</a></h2> <p>When a MapType of <code>dbm</code> is used, the MapSource is a filesystem path to a DBM database file containing key/value pairs to be used in the mapping. This works exactly the same way as the <code>txt</code> map, but is much faster, because a DBM is indexed, whereas a text file is not. This allows more rapid access to the desired key.</p> <p>You may optionally specify a particular dbm type:</p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteMap examplemap "dbm=sdbm:/etc/apache/mapfile.dbm"</pre> <p>The type can be <code>sdbm</code>, <code>gdbm</code>, <code>ndbm</code> or <code>db</code>. However, it is recommended that you just use the <a href="../programs/httxt2dbm.html">httxt2dbm</a> utility that is provided with Apache HTTP Server, as it will use the correct DBM library, matching the one that was used when httpd itself was built.</p> <p>To create a dbm file, first create a text map file as described in the <a href="#txt">txt</a> section. Then run <code>httxt2dbm</code>:</p> <div class="example"><p><code> $ httxt2dbm -i mapfile.txt -o mapfile.map </code></p></div> <p>You can then reference the resulting file in your <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritemap">RewriteMap</a></code> directive:</p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteMap mapname "dbm:/etc/apache/mapfile.map"</pre> <div class="note"> <p>Note that with some dbm types, more than one file is generated, with a common base name. For example, you may have two files named <code>mapfile.map.dir</code> and <code>mapfile.map.pag</code>. This is normal, and you need only use the base name <code>mapfile.map</code> in your <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritemap">RewriteMap</a></code> directive.</p> </div> <div class="note"><h3>Cached lookups</h3> <p> The looked-up keys are cached by httpd until the <code>mtime</code> (modified time) of the mapfile changes, or the httpd server is restarted. This ensures better performance on maps that are called by many requests. </p> </div> </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> <div class="section"> <h2><a name="prg" id="prg">prg: External Rewriting Program</a></h2> <p>When a MapType of <code>prg</code> is used, the MapSource is a filesystem path to an executable program which will providing the mapping behavior. This can be a compiled binary file, or a program in an interpreted language such as Perl or Python.</p> <p>This program is started once, when the Apache HTTP Server is started, and then communicates with the rewriting engine via <code>STDIN</code> and <code>STDOUT</code>. That is, for each map function lookup, it expects one argument via <code>STDIN</code>, and should return one new-line terminated response string on <code>STDOUT</code>. If there is no corresponding lookup value, the map program should return the four-character string "<code>NULL</code>" to indicate this.</p> <p>External rewriting programs are not started if they're defined in a context that does not have <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriteengine">RewriteEngine</a></code> set to <code>on</code>.</p> <p>By default, external rewriting programs are run as the user:group who started httpd. This can be changed on UNIX systems by passing user name and group name as third argument to <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritemap">RewriteMap</a></code> in the <code>username:groupname</code> format.</p> <p>This feature utilizes the <code>rewrite-map</code> mutex, which is required for reliable communication with the program. The mutex mechanism and lock file can be configured with the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#mutex">Mutex</a></code> directive.</p> <p>A simple example is shown here which will replace all dashes with underscores in a request URI.</p> <p><strong>Rewrite configuration</strong></p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteMap d2u "prg:/www/bin/dash2under.pl" apache:apache RewriteRule "-" "${d2u:%{REQUEST_URI}}"</pre> <p><strong>dash2under.pl</strong></p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-perl">#!/usr/bin/perl $| = 1; # Turn off I/O buffering while (<STDIN>) { s/-/_/g; # Replace dashes with underscores print $_; }</pre> <div class="note"><h3>Caution!</h3> <ul> <li>Keep your rewrite map program as simple as possible. If the program hangs, it will cause httpd to wait indefinitely for a response from the map, which will, in turn, cause httpd to stop responding to requests.</li> <li>Be sure to turn off buffering in your program. In Perl this is done by the second line in the example script: <code>$| = 1;</code> This will of course vary in other languages. Buffered I/O will cause httpd to wait for the output, and so it will hang.</li> <li>Remember that there is only one copy of the program, started at server startup. All requests will need to go through this one bottleneck. This can cause significant slowdowns if many requests must go through this process, or if the script itself is very slow.</li> </ul> </div> </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> <div class="section"> <h2><a name="dbd" id="dbd">dbd or fastdbd: SQL Query</a></h2> <p>When a MapType of <code>dbd</code> or <code>fastdbd</code> is used, the MapSource is a SQL SELECT statement that takes a single argument and returns a single value.</p> <p><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_dbd.html">mod_dbd</a></code> will need to be configured to point at the right database for this statement to be executed.</p> <p>There are two forms of this MapType. Using a MapType of <code>dbd</code> causes the query to be executed with each map request, while using <code>fastdbd</code> caches the database lookups internally. So, while <code>fastdbd</code> is more efficient, and therefore faster, it won't pick up on changes to the database until the server is restarted.</p> <p>If a query returns more than one row, a random row from the result set is used.</p> <div class="example"><h3>Example</h3><pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteMap myquery "fastdbd:SELECT destination FROM rewrite WHERE source = %s"</pre> </div> <div class="note"><h3>Note</h3> <p>The query name is passed to the database driver as a label for an SQL prepared statement, and will therefore need to follow any rules (such as case-sensitivity) required for your database.</p></div> </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> <div class="section"> <h2><a name="summary" id="summary">Summary</a></h2> <p>The <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritemap">RewriteMap</a></code> directive can occur more than once. For each mapping-function use one <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritemap">RewriteMap</a></code> directive to declare its rewriting mapfile.</p> <p>While you cannot <strong>declare</strong> a map in per-directory context (<code>.htaccess</code> files or <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#directory"><Directory></a></code> blocks) it is possible to <strong>use</strong> this map in per-directory context.</p> </div></div> <div class="bottomlang"> <p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/rewrite/rewritemap.html" title="English"> en </a> | <a href="../fr/rewrite/rewritemap.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Français"> fr </a></p> </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img src="../images/up.gif" alt="top" /></a></div><div class="section"><h2><a id="comments_section" name="comments_section">Comments</a></h2><div class="warning"><strong>Notice:</strong><br />This is not a Q&A section. Comments placed here should be pointed towards suggestions on improving the documentation or server, and may be removed by our moderators if they are either implemented or considered invalid/off-topic. 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